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Warbixinadii dhamaadkii sanadkii hore ee ku saabsanaa dhismaha reactor-ka fiyuuska ee ay sameeyeen khubaro Shiineys ah ayaa u muuqday mid dareen leh (1). Warbaahinta dowladda Shiinaha ayaa sheegtay in xarunta HL-2M, oo ku taal xarun cilmi baaris oo ku taal Chengdu, ay si caadi ah u shaqeyn doonto sanadka 2020-ka. Codka warbixinnada warbaahinta ayaa tilmaamaya in arrinta helitaanka tamarta aan la dhammayn karin ee fiyuuska thermonuclear la xalliyey weligeed.
Inaad si dhow u fiirsato tafaasiisha waxay caawinaysaa yididiilo qabow.
cusub qalabka nooca tokamak, oo leh nashqad aad uga horumarsan kuwa la yaqaan ilaa hadda, waa in ay abuuraan balaasmaha heerkul ka sarreeya 200 milyan oo darajo Celsius. Duan Xiuru, oo ah madaxa machadka fiisigiska ee Koonfur-galbeed ee shirkadda qaran ee Nukliyeerka Shiinaha, ayaa arrintan ku dhawaaqay war-saxaafadeed. Qalabku wuxuu taageero farsamo siin doonaa Shiinaha ee ka shaqaynaya mashruuca Heerarka Tijaabada Heerarka Caalamiga ah (ITER)iyo sidoo kale dhismo.
Markaa waxaan u malaynayaa in kani aanu weli ahayn kacaan tamareed, inkasta oo uu Shiinuhu abuuray. KHL-2M reactor wax yar ayaa la og yahay weli. Ma garanayno waxa soo saarka kulaylka ee la saadaaliyay ee reactor-kani yahay ama heerka tamarta loo baahan yahay si loo socodsiiyo falcelinta fiyuuska nukliyeerka dhexdiisa. Ma garanayno waxa ugu muhiimsan - in reactor fusion Chinese uu yahay naqshad leh dheelitirnaan tamar wanaagsan, ama haddii ay tahay mid kale oo tijaabo ah oo tijaabo ah oo u oggolaanaysa falcelinta fiyuuska, laakiin isla markaa waxay u baahan tahay tamar badan " shidday" marka loo eego tamarta laga heli karo falcelinta natiijada.
Dadaalka caalamiga ah
Shiinaha, oo ay weheliyaan Midowga Yurub, Maraykanka, Hindiya, Japan, Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Ruushka, ayaa ka qaybgalaya barnaamijka ITER. Waa kan ugu qaalisan mashaariicda cilmi-baarista caalamiga ah ee socda oo ay maalgeliyaan waddamada kor ku xusan, oo ku kacaya ku dhawaad US$20 bilyan. Waxaa la ogaaday in ay ka dhalatay wadashaqeyn dhexmartay dowladihii Mikhail Gorbachev iyo Ronald Reagan xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa, sanado badan ka dib waxaa lagu daray heshiis ay wada saxiixdeen dhammaan dalalkan sanadkii 2006-dii.
2. Goobta laga dhisayo ITER tokamak
Mashruuca ITER ee Cadarache ee koonfurta Faransiiska (2) wuxuu horumarinayaa tokamak ugu weyn adduunka, qolka balaasmaha oo ay tahay in lagu hagaajiyo goob birlab ah oo xooggan oo ay abuureen koronto-magnet. Hal-abuurkan waxa sameeyay Midowgii Soofiyeeti sannadihii 50aadkii iyo 60aadkii. Maareeyaha Mashruuca, Lavan Koblenz, ayaa ku dhawaaqay in ururku uu helo "plasma ugu horreeya" December 2025. ITER waa in ay taageertaa falcelinta thermonuclear qiyaastii 1 kun oo qof mar kasta. ilbiriqsiyo, xoog helaya 500-1100 MW. Marka la barbardhigo, tokamak ugu weyn ee Ingiriiska ilaa maanta, JET (Torus wadajir ah oo Yurub ah), waxay ilaalisaa falcelinta dhowr tobanaan ilbiriqsi waxayna helaysaa xoog ilaa iyo 16 MW. Tamarta ku jirta reactor-kan waxa loo sii dayn doonaa kulayl ahaan - looguma talogelin in loo beddelo koronto. Bixinta tamarta fiyuuska ee shabkada ayaa meesha ka saarta su'aasha, maadaama mashruuca loogu talagalay ujeeddooyin cilmi-baaris oo keliya. Kaliya iyada oo lagu saleynayo ITER-da ayaa suurtagal noqon doonta in la dhiso jiilka mustaqbalka ee reactors thermonuclear oo gaaraya awoodda 3-4 kun. MW.
Sababta ugu weyn ee sababta dhirta awoodda fiyuuska saxda ah aysan weli jirin (in kasta oo in ka badan lixdan sano oo cilmi-baaris ballaaran oo qaali ah) ay ku adkaato xakamaynta iyo "xakamaynta" habdhaqanka plasma. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanado badan oo tijaabo ah ayaa soo saaray sahanno qiimo leh, maantana tamarta isku dhafka ah waxay u muuqataa mid aad uga dhow sidii hore.
Ku dar helium-3, isku dar oo kulayl
ITER waa diiradda ugu weyn ee cilmi-baarista isku-dhafka caalamiga ah, laakiin xarumo badan oo cilmi-baaris ah, shirkado iyo shaybaarrada militariga ayaa sidoo kale ka shaqeynaya mashruucyo kale oo isku dhafan oo ka leexanaya habka caadiga ah.
Tusaale ahaan, la qabtay sannadihii la soo dhaafay on ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology tijaabooyin leh Helm-3 on tokamak waxay keentay natiijooyin xiiso leh, oo ay ku jiraan kororka tamarta toban laab ion plasma. Saynis yahano samaynayay tijaabooyin ku saabsan C-Mod tokamak oo ka tirsan Machadka Teknolojiyadda Massachusetts, oo ay weheliyaan khubaro u kala dhashay Belgium iyo UK, ayaa soo saaray nooc cusub oo shidaal isku dhafan oo ka kooban saddex nooc oo ion ah. Kooxda Alcator C-Mod (3) ayaa daraasaddan dib u soo celiyay Sebtembar 2016, laakiin xogta laga helay tijaabooyinkan ayaa dhowaan la falanqeeyay, taas oo muujinaysa koror weyn oo tamarta plasma ah. Natiijadu waxay ahayd mid dhiirigelin leh oo saynisyahano maamulaya shaybaarka qalliinka ee ugu weyn adduunka, JET ee UK, waxay go'aansadeen inay ku celiyaan tijaabooyinka. Isla kororka tamarta ayaa la gaaray. Natiijooyinka daraasaddan ayaa lagu daabacay joornaalka Nature Physics.
3. Alcator C-Mod tokamak ee hawlgalka
Furaha lagu kordhinayo waxtarka shidaalka nukliyeerka wuxuu ku daray raadadka helium-3, isotope deggan helium oo leh hal neutron halkii laga ahaan lahaa laba. Shidaalka nukliyeerka ee loo isticmaalo habka Alcator C wuxuu horey ugu koobnaa laba nooc oo kaliya oo ah ion - deuterium iyo hydrogen. Deuterium, oo ah isotope deggan oo hydrogen ah oo neutron ku leh xudduntiisa (oo ka soo horjeeda hydrogen oo aan lahayn neutrons), wuxuu ka kooban yahay qiyaastii 95% shidaalka. Saynisyahanada Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Plasma ee MIT Plasma (PSFC) waxay adeegsadeen hab loo yaqaan kuleylinta inta jeer ee raadiyaha. Anteennada u dhow tokamak waxay isticmaalaan soo noqnoqoshada raadiyaha gaarka ah si ay u kiciyaan qaybo ka mid ah, hirarka waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay "bartilmaameedsadaan" ions hydrogen. Sababtoo ah hydrogen waxa uu ka kooban yahay qayb yar oo ka mid ah cufnaanta guud ee shidaalka, iyada oo xoogga la saarayo kulaylinta qayb yar oo ka mid ah ion-yada ayaa u oggolaanaysa in la gaaro heerar tamar aad u daran. Marka xigta, ions hydrogen-ka ee la kiciyey waxay u guuraan ion-da 'deuterium' ee ugu sarreeya ee isku-dhafka ah, qaybaha sidaas sameeyayna waxay galaan qolofka dibadda ee reactor, oo sii daaya kulaylka.
Waxtarka habkani wuxuu kordhiyaa marka helium-3 ions lagu daro isku dar ah qadar ka yar 1%. Iyaga oo xoogga saarayay kuleyliyaha raadiyaha oo dhan qadar yar oo helium-3 ah, saynisyahannadu waxay kor u qaadeen tamarta ions ilaa megaelectronvolts (MeV).
Marka hore kaalay - marka hore waxa loogu adeegay U dhigma ruushka: Cunista martida daahday iyo lafo
Dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, horumarro badan ayaa ka dhacay adduunka shaqada isku-dhafka nukliyeerka ee la xakameeyey kuwaas oo kor u qaaday rajada saynisyahannada iyo dhammaanteen si aan ugu dambeyntii u gaarno "Graalka Quduuska ah" ee tamarta.
Calaamadaha wanaagsan waxa ka mid ah, laakiin aan ku xaddidnayn, daahfurka Waaxda Tamarta ee Maraykanka (DOE) ee Princeton Plasma Laboratory (PPPL). Mowjadaha raadiyaha ayaa si weyn loogu guuleystey in si weyn loo yareeyo waxa loogu yeero qaska balaasmaha, taas oo muhiim u noqon karta habka "labbisidda" falcelinta heerkulbeegga. Isla kooxda cilmi-baadhista ayaa soo warisay bishii Maarso 2019 tijaabo lithium tokamak kaas oo gidaarada gudaha ee fal-celinta tijaabada lagu dahaadhay lithium, shay si fiican looga yaqaan baytariyada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo elektiroonigga. Saynis yahanadu waxa ay xuseen in xuubka lithium-ka ee gidaarada reactor-ku uu nuugo walxaha balaasmaha ee kala firdhisan, isaga oo ka ilaalinaya in ay dib ugu noqdaan daruurtii balasmaha oo ay farageliyaan falcelinta thermonuclear.
4. Mashruuca muuqaalaynta TAE Technologies
Saynis yahanada ka socda machadyada sayniska ee caanka ah ayaa xitaa si taxadir leh u noqday hadaladooda. Dhawaan waxaa sidoo kale jiray koror weyn oo xiiso leh oo ku saabsan farsamooyinka farsamaynta kontoroolka ee qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay. Sannadka 2018, Lockheed Martin waxa uu ku dhawaaqay qorshe lagu horumarinayo fal-celinta fiyuuska is haysta (CFR) tobanka sano ee soo socda. Haddii tignoolajiyada shirkadu ku shaqaynayso ay shaqeyso, aaladda cabbirka xamuulka ahi waxay siin kartaa koronto ku filan si ay u daboolaan baahiyaha aaladda 100-square-foot ah. dadka magaalada.
Shirkadaha kale iyo xarumaha cilmi-baarista ayaa ku tartamaya si ay u arkaan cidda dhisi karta fal-celinta fiyuuska dhabta ah ee ugu horreeya, oo ay ku jiraan TAE Technologies iyo Machadka Teknolojiyadda Massachusetts. Xitaa Amazon Jeff Bezos iyo Bill Gates oo ka tirsan Microsoft ayaa dhowaan ku lug yeeshay mashruucyo isku dhafan. NBC News waxay dhawaan tirisay toddobo iyo toban shirkadood oo yaryar oo u heellan inay ku biiraan Maraykanka. Bilawga sida Fusion Guud ama Nidaamyada Fudud ee Dawlada Dhexe waxay diirada saarayaan reactors yar yar oo ku salaysan kondhodhiyeyaasha sare ee cusub.
Fikradda "fiyuuska qabow" iyo beddelka reactors waaweyn, ma aha oo kaliya tokamaks, laakiin sidoo kale waxa loogu yeero. fanaaniinta, oo leh naqshad yar oo ka duwan, oo sidoo kale lagu dhisay Jarmalka. Raadinta hab ka duwan ayaa sidoo kale sii socota. Tusaalaha tan waxaa ah aalad la yiraahdo qanjaruufo, oo ay dhiseen saynisyahano ka socda Jaamacadda Washington oo ay ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah arrimihii ugu dambeeyay ee joornaalka Physics World. Z-pinch-ku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa isagoo ku dabinaya oo ku cadaadinaya balaasmaha goob birlab ah oo xooggan. Tijaabada, waxaa suurtogal ah in lagu dejiyo balaasmaha 16 microse seconds, falcelinta fiyuusku waxay socotay qiyaastii saddex meelood meel waqtigan. Bannaanbaxa waxaa loola jeeday in lagu muujiyo in isku-dhafka yar-yar ay suurtagal tahay, inkastoo saynisyahano badan ay weli shaki weyn ka qabaan.
Dhanka kale, iyada oo ay ugu mahadcelinayaan taageerada Google iyo maalgashadayaasha kale ee diiradda saaraya teknoolojiyadda cidhiidhiga ah, Teknolojiyadda TAE ee fadhigeedu yahay California waxay adeegsanaysaa hab ka duwan tijaabooyinka fiyuuska caadiga ah. isku darka shidaalka borohydride, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalay in lagu sameeyo reactors yar yar oo ka jaban, markii hore iyada oo ujeedadu ahayd waxa loogu yeero kicinta fiyuuska. Prototype reactor fusion cylindrical (4) oo leh alwaaxyada isku dhaca (CBFR), kaas oo kuleyliya gaasta hydrogen si uu u sameeyo laba faraanti oo balasma ah. Waxay isku daraan xirmooyinka qaybo aan firfircooneyn waxaana lagu hayaa xaaladdan, taas oo gacan ka geysan doonta kordhinta tamarta iyo cimri dhererka balaasmaha.
Xawaaladaha kale ee kuleyliyaha, General Fusion, oo ka socda gobolka Kanada ee British Columbia, waxaa taageera Jeff Bezos laftiisa. Si fudud loo dhigo, fikradeedu waa in lagu duro balaasmaha kulul kubbad bir dareere ah (isku dar ah lithium iyo rasaas) gudaha kubbadda birta, ka dib balaasmaha waxaa lagu cadaadiyaa pistons, oo la mid ah mashiinka naaftada. Cadaadiska la abuuray waa inuu horseedaa fiyuuska thermonuclear, kaas oo sii deyn doona xaddi badan oo tamar ah si uu u kiciyo marawaxadaha nooc cusub oo warshad koronto ah. Mike Delage, oo ah madaxa tignoolajiyada ee General Fusion, ayaa sheegay in fiyuuska nukliyeerka ganacsigu uu soo bixi karo toban sano gudahood.
5. Sawir laga soo qaaday patentka tamarta badda ee Maraykanka.
Ciidamada badda ee Mareykanka ayaa sidoo kale dhawaan xareeyay rukhsad loogu talagalay "qalabka isku dhafka balaasmaha." Patentku wuxuu ka hadlayaa meelaha birlabeedka si loo abuuro "gariir degdeg ah" (5). Fikradda ayaa ah in la dhiso reactors fusion yar oo ku filan in la qaadi karo. Baahnayn in la sheego, codsigan patentka waxa uu la kulmay shaki.
