F-35A Hillaaca II ee Yurub
F-35 waxa loo nashqadeeyey sidii diyaarad dagaal oo isku xidhan, iyada oo u dhaqmaysa sidii albaab laga soo galo arrintan, iyada oo sidoo kale la siinayo xubno kale oo shabakado ah oo leh sawir xeeladaysan oo isku dhafan. Tani waxay kordhin doontaa heerka wacyigelinta xaaladeed ee dhammaan walxaha shabakadaha ilaa heer la mid ah ka warqabka xaaladeed ee duuliyaha F-35.
Janaayo 31, xaflad rasmi ah oo lagu saxiixay qandaraaska iibka 32 Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II ee Ciidanka Cirka Poland ayaa ka dhacday Deblin. Sidaas darteed, Poland waxay ku biirtay toddobada waddan ee Yurub ee horey u doortay F-35 - Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Italy iyo UK. Ka faa'iidaysiga fursadan, waxaa habboon in la soo bandhigo horumarka iyo xaaladda hadda ee barnaamijyada wax iibsiga ee F-35A ee dalalka kor ku xusan iyo ka qaybgalka shirkadaha maxaliga ah ee hirgelinta barnaamijyada wax soo saarka iyo dayactirka ee diyaaradaha caalamiga ah ee noocaan ah.
Jiilka shanaad ee F-35 Hillaaca II (Joint Strike Fighter, JSF) barnaamijka dagaalka ujeedooyinka badan wuxuu ahaa mid caalami ah bilowgii hore. Saddex nooc oo ah F-35 ayaa la sameeyay si loogu beddelo dhowr nooc oo diyaarado ah oo laga isticmaalo Mareykanka iyo waddamada xulafada ah: F / A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-4 Phantom II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, Tornado, AMX iyo Harrier. Wadamada danaynaya inay helaan F-35 oo buuxiya shuruudaha badbaadada Maraykanka waxay ka qaybqaadan karaan wajiga horumarinta iyo mudaaharaadka (SDD) ee barnaamijka JSF. Beddelka tabaruca maaliyadeed, waxay ka sii qayb qaadan karaan imtixaannada hawlgalka, ka dibna wax soo saarka ballaaran, oo noqda waxa loogu yeero. wada-hawlgalayaasha iskaashiga (Cooperative Program Partners, CPP).
Iyada oo ku xidhan heerka ka-qaybgalka shuraakada shisheeye, CPP-yada waxa loo qaybiyay saddex kooxood. La-hawlgalayaasha Tier 1 kaliya (Tier 1 ama Heerka 2004) waa UK, oo tabarucaadkeeda maaliyadeed 2,056 ay ahayd $5,1 bilyan (markaas waxay ahayd 2002% wadarta kharashka marxaladda SDD). Kahor 1,028, Talyaaniga ($2,5 bilyan; 800%) iyo Nederlaan ($2,0 milyan; 2%) ayaa sidoo kale ku biiray JSF oo ah Heer/Tier 144 shuraako ah. Australia (0,4 milyan; 110%), Denmark (0,3 milyan; 100%), Kanada (0,2 milyan; 122%), Norway (0,3 milyan; 175%) iyo Turkiga (0,4 milyan; 3%) waxay noqdeen Tier 35 Partners. (Heerka / Heerka XNUMX). Dhanka kale, Israa'iil iyo Singapore waxay ku biireen barnaamijka JSF iyagoo ah waxa loogu yeero Ka-qaybgalayaasha Iskaashiga Amniga (SCP) - waa lala socodsiiyay barnaamijka, laakiin si toos ah ugamay qayb-gelin. Iibsadayaasha F-XNUMX ee soo hadhay waxaa loola dhaqmaa sidii macaamiisha dhoofinta.
Wadamada Yurub ee NATO, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey (taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, laga saaray barnaamijka 35) iyo Italy, ayaa weli muujiyay rabitaankooda ah inay helaan diyaaradda F-2019A oo leh duullimaad caadi ah iyo degitaanka (CTOL), iyo F-35B Qaadashada Gaaban iyo Soo Degista Tooska ah (STOVL) ee UK iyo Talyaaniga (eeg Duulista Caalamiga ah ee No. 8/2019). Kuwa kale ee suurtagalka ah ee Yurub iibsan kara F-35 waxaa ka mid ah Finland, Greece, Spain, Romania iyo Switzerland, laakiin weli wax go'aamo ah oo la taaban karo lagama gaarin.
Qaadashada diyaaradaha F-35 macnaheedu maaha oo kaliya kororka degdega ah ee awoodda dagaalka iyo awoodaha hawlgalka ee Ciidanka Cirka, laakiin sidoo kale isbeddel aasaasi ah oo ku yimaada barnaamijyada tababarka ee shaqaalaha iyo hababka ilaalinta, dayactirka iyo dib u habeynta hawada, matoorada iyo avionics. Waxa kale oo loo baahan yahay maalgelin qaali ah oo lagu sameeyo kaabayaasha saldhigyada hawada, iyo sidoo kale qalabka iyo agabka lagu maamulo dhulka ee diyaaradaha. Magdhow gaar ah oo loogu talagalay kharashyada la galay waa ka qaybgalka shirkadaha maxalliga ah ee barnaamijyada wax-soo-saarka, dayactirka iyo casriyeynta dheeraadka ah ee diyaaradaha (Wax soo saarka, Joogteynta iyo Horumarinta Dabagalka, PSFD), oo loogu talagalay dhowr iyo toban sano. Tani waxay u keenaysaa faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo la qiyaasi karo mustaqbalka fog wadamada go'aansada inay iibsadaan F-35, sida helitaanka tignoolajiyada cusub, shaqooyinka, dakhliga miisaaniyada.
Belgium
Wada-hadallada ku saabsan sidii loo heli lahaa kuwii beddeli lahaa diyaaradda F-16 ayaa ka billowday Belgium in ka badan toban sano ka hor, laakiin ma ahayn illaa Maarso 17, 2017 ay dowladdu ku dhawaaqday martiqaad rasmi ah oo qandaraas ah. Tartamayaasha F-35A ee ACCAP (Barnaamijka Awooda La Dagaalanka Hawada) waxay ahaayeen Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon iyo Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen. Bishii Abriil 19 ee isla sanadkaas, Boeing way ka baxday qandaraaska. Iswiidhishka ayaa sidaas oo kale sameeyay 10kii Luulyo. Bishii Oktoobar, dawladda Belgian waxay diiday soo jeedintii Faransiiska ee farsamada. Janaayo 19, 2018, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka waxay ogolaatay iibinta suurtagalka ah ee 34 F-35As ee Belgium iyadoo la raacayo nidaamka FMS (Iibinta Milatariga shisheeye).
Qandaraaska waxaa la rabay in la dhameeyo Juun 2018, laakiin dib ayaa loo dhigay Oktoobar. Kharashka badan awgeed, Brussels waxa ay ka fikiraysay doorashooyin kale, oo ay ku jiraan in mar kale la siiyo Faransiiska ama cusboonaysiinta F-16-yada jira. Ugu dambeyntii, Oktoobar 25, 2018, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la doorto diyaaradda F-35A oo leh software Block 4 avionics. Sidaa darteed, Belgium waxay noqotay waddankii saddex iyo tobnaad ee iibsada F-35. Intii lagu guda jiray shir jaraa'id, Wasiirka Difaaca Belgian Stephen Vandeput ayaa ku dhawaaqay in soo jeedinta Maraykanku ay tahay tan ugu fiican mid kasta oo ka mid ah toddobada shuruudood ee qiimeynta, iyo in F-35A ay tahay doorashada ugu fiican ee waddankeena ee dhaqaalaha, hawlgalka iyo warshadaha.
Waxaa la filayaa in qiimaha iibsashada 34 F-35As, oo ay weheliso saadka iyo tababarka shaqaalaha, 3,8 sano, qadarka qandaraaska ee suurtogalka ah wuxuu noqon karaa 4 bilyan oo Yuuro). keenista waxa la filayaa in ay bilaabato 2030 oo ay socoto ilaa dhamaadka tobanka sano Diyaargarowga bilowga ah ee hawlgalka (IOC) waa in lagu gaaraa bartamaha 6,53, iyo diyaarsanaan buuxda (FOC) - Janaayo 2023. Sida qorshuhu yahay, F-2027A waxay ku sii jiri doontaa qaybta duulista (Luchtcomponent; Composante Air; [Belgian] Qaybta Hawada) ee Ciidamada Difaaca Belgian (Difaaca; La Défense; Ciidamada Difaaca [Belgian]) ilaa ugu yaraan 2029.
Shirkado badan oo Belgian ah ayaa ka qayb qaadanaya barnaamijka F-35. Shirkadda Nederlandka ah ee Fokker Technologies waxay amar ku bixisay Asco Industries ee Zaventem si ay u soo saaraan finnada qoyaanka ah. Bishii Maarso 2018, Sonaca oo fadhigeedu yahay Gosselis ayaa heshiis la saxiixatay Lockheed Martin si ay u soo saarto walxaha qaabdhismeedka F-35. Dhanka kale, Shidista! (shirkad ay iska kaashadeen Sonaca iyo Sabena Aerospace) ayaa qaban doona saadka (maamulka hawlgallada, qaybinta qaybinta agabka, qalabka dhulka, hagaajinta diyaaradaha iyo casriyaynta qalabka) iyo tababarka duuliyaha iyo makaanigga. Qandaraaska uu kula jiro xarunta matoorka ee Pratt & Whitney Belgium (BEC) ee Liege, oo ay leedahay shirkadda Norway ee AIM Norway, wuxuu ka qaybqaadan doonaa kormeerka, dayactirka iyo dib u habeynta matoorada F135. ILIAS Solutions waxay siin doontaa qalabka IT-ga ee maaraynta, dayactirka iyo soo iibsiga.
Denmark
Danmark waxay muujisay rabitaankeeda ah inay ku biirto barnaamijka JSF 1997 waxayna noqotay lammaane heerka saddexaad 2002dii. Bishii Ogosto 2005, dawladda Denmark waxay si rasmi ah u bilawday nidaamka lagu soo iibsanayo dagaalyahanno cusub (barnaamijka Nyt Kampfly) si loogu beddelo F-16 ee loo isticmaalo Ciidanka Cirka (Flyvevåbnet; Royal Danish Air Force, RDAF). Waqtigaas, waxaa la tixgeliyey iibsashada 48 baabuur. Waxaa ka mid ahaa musharaxiinta Lockheed Martin F-35A, Saab JAS 39 Gripen iyo Eurofighter Typhoon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Rafale Faransiisku wuu maqnaa markii Dassault uu ka baxay hindisada. Bishii Disembar 2007 Eurofighter ayaa sidoo kale ka baxday tartanka, laakiin May 2008 Boeing waxay ku biirtay F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Naqshadaynta guusha waxay ahayd in la doorto 2009, laakiin qandaraaska ayaa ugu dhakhsaha badan dib u dhigay hal sano, iyo March 2010 oo dhan barnaamijka waa la hakiyay sababo dhaqaale.
March 13, 2013, deenishku waxay dib u bilaabeen habraacii qandaraaska, iyagoo ku martiqaaday dhammaan isla afarta shirkadood inay ka qaybqaataan. Markan waxay ku saabsanayd iibsashada 24-32 diyaaradood. Codsiyo faahfaahsan ayaa la diray Abriil 10, 2014, saddex dalabna waxa la helay July 21 (Saab ayaa ka baxday qandaraaska inta lagu jiro wakhtigaas). Go'aanka ku saabsan doorashada nooc gaar ah oo diyaarad ah ayaa lagu waday in la gaaro dhammaadka Juun 2015, laakiin May 27 ayaa dib loo dhigay. Dhammaadkii, May 12, 2016 ayay ahayd markii ra'iisul wasaaraha Denmark Lars Løkke Rasmussen iyo wasiirka gaashaandhigga Peter Christensen ay ku dhawaaqeen in dowladdu ay baarlamaanka u soo jeedin doonto iibsashada 27 F-35 oo qiimaheedu dhan yahay 3 bilyan US$ (20 bilyan CZK). . 9-kii bishii June ayaa go’aanka xukuumadda lagu ansixiyay xisbiyada mucaaradka. Qandaraaska soo saarista iyo keenista sideed unug ee taxanaha LDIP 12 waxa la saxeexay 2018. Ka dib, laba cutub ayaa loo dalbi doonaa taxanaha LDIP 13 iyo afar taxanaha LRIP 14.
Jannaayo 16, 2019, shirka afafka hore ee Danish F-35A (lambarka diiwaangelinta RDAF L-001) ayaa ka bilaabmay warshadda Lockheed Martin ee Fort Worth. Diyaaradan ayaa la filayaa in la dhamaystiro dhamaadka sanadkan ka hor inta aan lagu wareejin RDAF ee Luke AFB ee Arizona sanadka soo socda. Duuliyayaasha deenishka waxaa tababari doona kooxda 308aad ee Fighter Squadron "Emerald Knights" ee garabka 56aad ee dagaalyahanada ciidamada cirka Maraykanka. Sida qorshuhu yahay, keenista diyaaradaha F-35A waxay socon doontaa ilaa 2026. U Diyaargarowga Hawlgalka Bilowga ah (IOC) waa in la gaaro 2025 iyo u diyaarsanaan buuxda (FOC) sanadka 2027.
Shirkadda deenishka ee Terma ayaa sannado badan soo saaraysay qalab dhismeed iyo qalab loogu talagalay dhammaan saddexda isbeddel ee F-35, oo ay ku jiraan. pylons hubka hawada-ilaa-dhulka hoostooda, GAU-22/A weel ventral madfac ah oo loogu talagalay F-35B iyo noocyada F-35C, geesaha hogaaminaya isku dhafan ee dabada toosan, darfaha isku dhafan oo daboolaya qaybta dhexe ee fiyuuska iyo dabada toosan iyo toosan, Nidaamyada digniinta ee qaybaha raadaarka /APG-81 iyo AN/AAQ-37 Shirkadda Multicut waxay soo saartaa xayndaabyada duraluminiinta iyo kuwa wax ku dhejinta iyo qalabyada hawada iyo mishiinka F135. Xarunta Tijaabada Duulimaadyada Danishka (ATCD; iskaashiga u dhexeeya Termy iyo Scandinavian Avionics) ayaa ilaalin doona, hagaajin doona oo cusboonaysiin doona qaybaha avionics ee Danish F-35A.
Netherlands
Horraantii qarniyadii 16aad iyo 16aad, inta lagu guda jiro hirgelinta barnaamijka si kor loogu qaado dagaalyahannada F-35A / B ee heerka F-5AM / BM, Nederlandku wuxuu bilaabay inuu tixgeliyo suurtagalnimada helitaanka kuwa ku xiga. Diyaaradda F-2002 ayaa loo arkaa midda ugu rajo-gelinta badan, sidaa darteed 15-kii Juun 2006, Netherlands waxay ku biirtay wejiga SDD ee barnaamijka JSF, waxayna 30-kii Nofembar, 2008, saxiixday heshiis ay sidoo kale kaga qayb-qaadanayso marxaladda PSFD. 2dii Maajo 2009, Baarlamaanka Nederlaan ayaa isku raacay in uu maalgeliyo ka-qaybgalka Ciidanka Cirka ee Royal (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu; Royal Netherlands Air Force, RNLAF) ee Imtixaanka Hawlgalka Bilowga ah (IOT&E). Baahidooda, Juun 35, 01, F-001A (AN-19; RNLAF F-2010) ayaa la iibsaday, iyo Noofambar 02, 002, tan labaad (AN-3/F-4). Diyaaradan ayaa la soo saaray iyada oo qayb ka ah LRIP (Law-Rate Initial Production) taxane 1 iyo 2012. Nuqulkii kowaad waxa la soo saaray April 2, 2013, ta labaad March 6, 2012. Waxa la tijaabiyey August 27, 2013 iyo Juun 25, 12, siday u kala horreeyaan. waxaa iibsaday RNLAF bishii Luulyo 2013 iyo Sebtembar 35, XNUMX waxayna noqdeen F-XNUMXA-yadii ugu horreeyay ee loo gudbiyo isticmaale shisheeye.
