F / A-18 Hornet

F/A-18C ee kooxda VFA-34 "Blue Blaster" Diyaaradan ayaa leh qalab gaar ah oo loo diyaariyey iyadoo la xiriirta duulimaadkii ugu dambeeyay ee dagaalka ee taariikhda ciidamada badda ee Mareykanka Hornets, taasoo ka dhacday markabka xamuulka qaada USS Carl Vinson Janaayo ilaa Abriil 2018.

Bishii Abriil ee sanadkan, ciidamada badda ee Mareykanka (USN) waxay si rasmi ah u joojiyeen adeegsiga dagaalyahannada F/A-18 Hornet ee homing-ka hawada ee cutubyada dagaalka, waxaana bishii Oktoobar, dagaalyahannada noocaan ah laga saaray cutubyada tababarka ciidamada badda. Dagaalyahannada F/A-18 ee Hornet-ka ah ee "caadiga ah" ayaa weli ku sii jira adeegga ciidammada badda ee Maraykanka (USMC), kuwaas oo doonaya in ay ka shaqeeyaan ilaa 2030-2032. Marka laga soo tago Maraykanka, toddobo waddan ayaa leh dagaalyahannada F/A-18 ee Hornet: Australia, Finland, Spain, Canada, Kuwait, Malaysia iyo Switzerland. Badi waxa ay rabeen in ay ku sii hayaan adeega toban sano oo kale. Isticmaalaha ugu horreeya ee ka saaraya waxay u badan tahay inuu yahay Kuwait, kan ugu dambeeyana waa Spain.

Dagaalyahanka hawada qaada ee Hornet waxa loo sameeyay ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka si wada jir ah McDonnel Douglas iyo Northrop (hadda Boeing iyo Northrop Grumman). Duullimaadka diyaaradda ayaa dhacay 18-kii Noofambar 1978. Sagaal diyaaradood oo hal-kursi leh, oo loogu magac daray F-9A, iyo 18 diyaaradood oo laba-kursi leh, oo loo aqoonsaday TF-2A, ayaa ka qaybqaatay imtixaannada. Tijaabooyinka ugu horreeya ee lagu sameeyo markabka xamuulka - USS America - wuxuu bilaabmay Oktoobar 18 ee sanadka. Marxaladdan barnaamijka, USN waxay go'aansatay in aysan u baahnayn laba isbeddel oo diyaarad ah - dagaal iyo shaqo joojin. Sidaa awgeed waxa la soo bandhigay calaamada qalaad ee "F/A". Kala duwanaanshaha hal kursi ayaa loo qoondeeyay F/A-1979A iyo kursiga labanlaaban ee F/A-18B. Kooxihii heli lahaa dagaalyahannada cusub waxay beddeleen warqadda magacooda VF (Fighter Squadron) iyo VA (Strike Squadron) waxayna u beddeleen: VFA (Strike Fighter Squadron), i.e. guutada dagaal-oogayaasha.

F/A-18A/B Hornet waxa lagu soo bandhigay ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka bishii February 1981. Ciidamada Marines-ka Maraykanka ayaa bilaabay in ay helaan 1983. Waxa ay beddeleen McDonnel Douglas A-4 Skyhawk dayuuradaha weerarka iyo LTV A-7 Corsair II bombers. , McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II dagaalyahanada iyo nooca sahanka - RF-4B. Ilaa 1987, 371 F / A-18As ayaa la soo saaray (ee blocks-soo-saarka 4 ilaa 22), ka dib wax soo saarku wuxuu u wareegay noocyada F / A-18C. Kala duwanaanshaha labada kursi, F/A-18B, waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu tababaro, laakiin dayuuradahani waxa ay haysteen awood buuxda oo dagaal ee kala duwanaanshaha hal kursi. Taksi dheer, nooca B wuxuu hayn karaa boqolkiiba 6 taangiyada gudaha. Shidaal ka yar nooca kursiga keliya. 39 F/A-18Bs ayaa lagu dhisay baloogyada wax soo saarka 4 ilaa 21.

Duulimaadka F/A-18 Hornet multirole homing fighter wuxuu dhacay November 18, 1978. Ilaa 2000, 1488 diyaaradood oo noocaan ah ayaa la dhisay.

Horraantii 80-aadkii, Northrop waxa ay samaysay nooc dhulka ku salaysan ee Hornet, kaas oo loo qoondeeyay F-18L. Dagaalyahanka waxaa loogu talagalay suuqyada caalamiga ah - oo loogu talagalay dadka qaata kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in ay isticmaalaan oo kaliya saldhigyada dhulka. F-18L waxay ka maqnayd qaybaha "korka" - jillaab degitaan ah, buurta katapult iyo habka laalaabida baal. Dagaalyahanku waxa kale oo uu helay shasi ka fudud. F-18L aad ayuu uga fududaa F/A-18A, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid la dhaqaajin karo, oo la barbar dhigi karo dagaalyahanada F-16. Dhanka kale, lammaanaha Northrop McDonnel Douglas wuxuu u soo bandhigay dagaalka F/A-18L suuqyada caalamiga ah. Waxay ahayd uun kala duwanaansho yara dhammaatay oo ah F/A-18A. Dalabku wuxuu ahaa tartan toos ah F-18L, taasoo keentay in Northrop ay dacwayso McDonnell Douglas. Isku dhacu wuxuu ku dhamaaday McDonnell Douglas oo F/A-50L ka iibsaday Northrop $18 milyan oo dammaanad qaadaya doorka qandaraaslaha hoose. Si kastaba ha noqotee, dhamaadka, nooca aasaasiga ah ee F / A-18A / B waxaa loogu talagalay dhoofinta, taas oo, codsi ka yimid macaamilka, laga saari karo nidaamyada dusha sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dagaalyahannada Hornet ee dhoofiya ma lahayn sifooyin dhul "gaar ah", kaas oo ahaa F-18L.

Bartamihii 80-meeyadii, nooc la hagaajiyay oo Hornet ah ayaa la sameeyay, oo loo qoondeeyay F/A-18C/D. F/A-18C kii ugu horreeyay (BuNo 163427) ayaa duulay Sebtembar 3, 1987. Dibadda, F/A-18C/D kama duwanayn F/A-18A/B. Markii hore, Hornets F/A-18C/D waxay isticmaaleen matooro la mid ah nooca A/B, i.e. Korontada Guud F404-GE-400. Qaybaha cusub ee ugu muhiimsan ee lagu hirgeliyay nooca C waxaa ka mid ahaa, Martin-Baker SJU-17 NACES Kuraasta Ejection Kursiga (Kuraasta Navy Crew Ejection Seat), kombiyuutarrada cusub ee hawlgalka, nidaamyada elektarooniga ah ee isku-dhafka ah, iyo duubayaasha duulimaadka u adkaysta. Dagaalyahanada waxaa loo habeeyey gantaalada cusub ee AIM-120 AMRAAM ee hawada ilaa hawada, AGM-65F Maverick thermal imaging missiles iyo AGM-84 Harpoon gantaalada lidka maraakiibta.

Laga soo bilaabo sanad xisaabeedka 1988, F/A-18C waxaa lagu soo saaray qaabeynta Weerarka Habeenkii, taasoo u oggolaaneysa hawada-ilaa-dhulka hawlgallada habeenkii iyo xaaladaha cimilada adag. Dagaalyahannada waxaa loo habeeyey inay qaadaan laba konteenar: Hughes AN / AAR-50 NAVFLIR (nidaamka navigation infrared) iyo Loral AN / AAS-38 Nite HAWK (nidaamka hagida infrared). Cockpit-ku wuxuu ku qalabaysan yahay AV/AVQ-28 bandhig kor-u-qaadis ah (HUD) (garaafyada raster), laba 127 x 127 mm midabyo kala duwanaansho ah (MFD) oo laga keenay Kaiser (beddelaya bandhigyada monochrome) iyo bandhig navigation oo muujinaya dhijitaal, midab. , dhaqaaqa Smith Srs map 2100 (TAMMAC - Kartida Dhaqdhaqaaqa Diyaaradaha Xeeladaha ah). Cockpit-ka waxa loo habeeyey isticmaalka GEC Cat's Indhaha (NVG) muraayadaha wax-aragga habeenkii. Tan iyo Janaayo 1993, nooca ugu dambeeyay ee weelka AN / AAS-38, oo ay ku rakiban yihiin naqshadeeyaha bartilmaameedka laysarka iyo kala duwanaanta, ayaa lagu daray qalabka Hornets, taas oo ay ugu mahadcelineyso duuliyayaasha Hornets si madax-bannaan u tilmaami karaan bartilmaameedyada dhulka ee hagida laser. . hub (ay leeyihiin ama ay wataan diyaarado kale). Nooca F/A-18C Night Hawk waxa uu bilaabmay Maajo 6, 1988. Soo saarista “habeenka” Hornets waxa ay bilaabantay Noofambar 1989 iyada oo qayb ka ah block 29th (oo ka baxsan nuqulkii 138aad).

Bishii Janaayo 1991, rakibidda matoorada cusub ee General Electric F36-GE-404 EPE (Enhanced Performance Engine) ayaa bilaabmay iyada oo qayb ka ah block 402 ee Hornety. Matooradani waxay dhaliyaan ilaa 10 boqolkiiba. awood badan marka loo eego taxanaha "-400". 1992, rakibida Hughes ka sii casrisan oo awood badan (hadda Raytheon) nooca AN / APG-18 radar hawada laga qaado ayaa lagu bilaabay F / A-73C / D. Waxay bedeshay raadaarkii markii hore lagu rakibay Hughes AN/APG-65. Duulimaadka F / A-18C ee leh radar cusub ayaa dhacay Abriil 15, 1992. Tan iyo markaas, warshadda waxay bilowday inay rakibto radar AN / APG-73. Qaybaha la soo saaray tan iyo 1993-kii, rakibidda afar qol oo ka-hortagga shucaaca iyo AN / ALE-47 cajaladaha faragelinta kulaylka, kuwaas oo beddelay AN / ALE-39 hore, iyo habka digniinta AN / ALR-67 ee la cusboonaysiiyay, ayaa bilaabmay. . .

Markii hore, casriyaynta Night Hawk kuma jiraan labada kursi ee F/A-18D. Nuqullada 29 ee ugu horreeya waxaa lagu soo saaray qaabeynta tababarka dagaalka oo leh awoodaha dagaalka aasaasiga ah ee Model C. Sannadkii 1988-kii, amar gaar ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Marines-ka Mareykanka, ayaa la sii daayay nooca weerarka ee F / A-18D, awood u leh inuu ka shaqeeyo dhammaan xaaladaha cimilada. ayaa la horumariyay. Kursiga dambe, oo aan lahayn ul ​​kontorool, ayaa loo habeeyey hawl-wadeennada nidaamka dagaalka (WSO - Sarkaalka Nidaamyada Hubka). Waxa ay leedahay laba dhinac oo kala duwan oo ka shaqeeya xakamaynta hubka iyo hababka looxa, iyo sidoo kale muuqaal khariidad dhaqaaqi karo oo ku yaala dhinaca sare ee guddiga kantaroolka. F/A-18D waxay heshay xirmo dhamaystiran oo Night Hawk model C. F/A-18D (BuNo 163434) wax laga beddelay ayaa u duulay St. Petersburg. Louis 6 Maajo 1988 Soosaarkii ugu horreeyay F/A-18D Night Hawk (BuNo 163986) wuxuu ahaa moodkii ugu horreeyay ee D ee lagu dhisay Block 29.

Ciidamada badda ee Mareykanka ayaa dalbaday 96 F/A-18D Night Hawks, kuwaas oo intooda badan ka mid noqday ciidamada Marines-ka cimilada oo dhan.

Kooxahan waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay VMA (AW), halkaasoo xarfaha AW ay u taagan yihiin Dhammaan Cimilada, taasoo la micno ah dhammaan xaaladaha cimilada. F/A-18D waxay beddeshay ugu horreyntii Grumman A-6E Intruder dayuuradaha weerarka. Later, waxay sidoo kale bilaabeen inay qabtaan shaqada waxa loogu yeero. kontaroolayaasha taageerada hawada ee taageerada hawada degdega ah iyo taatikada - FAC (A) / TAC (A). Waxay beddeleen McDonnell Douglas OA-4M Skyhawk iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika Rockwell OV-10A/D Bronco diyaaradda doorkan. Laga soo bilaabo 1999, F/A-18D waxay sidoo kale la wareegtay hawlgallada sahanka hawada taatikada ah ee ay horay u fuliyeen dagaalyahannada RF-4B Phantom II. Tan waxa suurta galiyay iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay hordhaca Martin Marietta ATARS (Nidaamka Sahanka Tactical Airborne System) ee habka sahaminta taatikada. Nidaamka "palletized" ATARS waxaa lagu rakibay qolka M61A1 Vulcan 20 mm qoriga foosto badan, kaas oo la saaro inta lagu jiro isticmaalka ATARS.

Diyaaradaha leh nidaamka ATARS waxaa lagu kala soocaa carwo sifo ah oo leh daaqado ka soo baxay sanka diyaaradda hoosteeda. Qalliinka lagu rakibayo ama meesha looga saarayo ATARS waxa lagu dhamayn karaa dhawr saacadood gudahooda gudaha garoonka. Ciidanka Marinesku waxa ay u qoondeeyeen ok.48 F/A-18D hawlgallada sahanka. Diyaaradahani waxay heleen calaamadda aan rasmiga ahayn ee F/A-18D (RC). Waqtigan xaadirka ah, sahanka Hornets waxay awood u leeyihiin inay sawiro iyo muuqaalo dhaqaaqa ka soo diraan nidaamka ATARS wakhtiga dhabta ah una diri kuwa dhulka qaata. F/A-18D(RC) ayaa sidoo kale loo habeeyey in lagu qaado weelasha Loral AN/UPD-8 oo leh radar dhinaca hawada u janjeera (SLAR) oo ku yaal pylon fuselage center.

Bishii Agoosto 1, 1997, McDonnell Douglas waxaa la wareegay Boeing, oo tan iyo markaas noqday "milkiilaha sumadda". Xarunta wax soo saarka ee Hornets, iyo ka dib Super Hornets, waxay weli ku taal St. Petersburg. Louis. Wadarta 466 F/A-18Cs iyo 161 F/A-18D ayaa loo dhisay Ciidanka Badda ee Maraykanka. Soo saarista qaabka C/D waxa uu dhamaaday 2000. Taxanihii ugu dambeeyay ee F/A-18C waxaa la isugu geeyay Finland. Bishii Agoosto 2000, waxaa lagu wareejiyay ciidamada cirka ee Finland. Hornet-kii u dambeeyay ee la soo saaray waxa uu ahaa F/A-18D, kaas oo ay aqbashay Ciidanka Marines-ka Maraykanka Agoosto 2000.

Casriyeynta "A+" iyo "A++"

Barnaamijkii ugu horreeyay ee casriyeynta Hornet waxa la bilaabay bartamihii 90-meeyadii waxaana ku jiray kaliya F/A-18A. Dagaalyahanada ayaa lagu bedelay raadaarka AN/APG-65, taasoo suura galisay in ay qaadaan AIM-120 AMRAAM gantaalada hawada ilaa hawada. F/A-18A ayaa sidoo kale loo habeeyey si ay u qaado AN/AAQ-28(V) Litening ilaalinta iyo cutubyada bartilmaameedka ah.

Talaabada xigta waxay ahayd xulashada 80 F/A-18A oo leh kheyraadka ugu dheer iyo garaafyada hawada ee ku haray xaalad aad uga wanaagsan. Waxaa lagu qalabeeyay AN/APG-73 radar iyo xubno gaar ah oo C avionics ah.Nuquladan waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay calaamada A +. Ka dib, 54 cutub oo A+ ah ayaa helay xirmo avionics la mid ah sida lagu rakibay qaabka C. Kadibna waxaa lagu calaamadiyay F/A-18A++. Hornets F/A-18A +/A ++ ayaa loo malaynayay inay dhamaystiraan guutooyinka F/A-18C/D. Markii dagaalyahanada cusub ee F / A-18E / F Super Hornet ay galeen adeegga, qaar A + iyo dhammaan A ++ waxaa u wareejiyay Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka Ciidanka Badda.

Marines-ka Maraykanku waxa kale oo ay F/A-18A ku dhejiyeen barnaamij laba marxaladood ah oo casriyeyn ah, kaas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka yara duwanaa kuwa badda ee Maraykanka. Dib u cusboonaysiinta heerka A+ waxaa ka mid ah, rakibaadda AN/APG-73 radar, GPS/INS isku-dhafan ee nidaamka socodka dayax-gacmeedka, iyo nidaamka cusub ee AN/ARC-111 Aqoonsiga Saaxiibka ama Foe (IFF). Hornet-yada badda ee ku qalabaysan iyaga waxaa lagu kala soocaa anteenooyinkooda sifada ah ee ku yaal sanka hortiisa ee carwada (macno ahaan loo yaqaan "cutters shimbir").

Marxaladda labaad ee casriyeynta - ilaa heerka A ++ - USMC Hornet waa la qalabeeyay, oo ay ku jiraan muraayadaha dareeraha dareeraha ah ee midabka (LCD), bandhigyada koofiyada JHMCS, kuraasta SJU-17 NACES iyo AN / ALE-47 xannibayaasha kartuunada. Awoodaha dagaalka ee F / A-18A ++ Hornet dhab ahaantii kama hooseeyaan F / A-18C, iyo sida ay qabaan duuliyayaal badan xitaa way ka sarreeyaan iyaga, maadaama ay ku qalabaysan yihiin qaybo badan oo casri ah oo fudud.