Tijaabi Taariikhda Taayirka Baabuurka III: Chemists in Motion

Taayirka waa badeeco tignoolajiyadeed sare leh, natiijada tobanaan sano ee horumarka.

Bilowgii hore, kuwa sameeya caagagga ama farmashiistaha midkoodna ma garaneynin qaabka saxda ah ee kiimikada iyo qaab-dhismeedka molecular ee alaabta ceeriin ee ay ku shaqeynayaan, taayirkuna waxay ahaayeen kuwo tayo leh. Dhibaatadooda ugu weyni waa nabarro fudud iyo xidhid, taas oo macnaheedu yahay nolol adeeg oo aad u gaaban. Wax yar ka hor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii XNUMXaad ee aduunka, farmashiyeyaashu waxay ogaadeen in ku darista kaarboon madow ee walaxda qaabdhismeedka ay si weyn u kordhisay xoogga, barti, iyo caabbinta naaxinta. Sulfur, kaarboon madow, zinc, iyo sidoo kale waxa loo yaqaan silicon dioxide ama quartz si fiican loo yaqaan (silicon dioxide), taas oo dhawaan loo isticmaalay sidii wax lagu daro, waxay door weyn ka ciyaaraan beddelka qaabdhismeedka kiimikada ee caag iyo hagaajintiisa guryaha, iyo isticmaalkooda ujeedadan waxay dib ugu noqotaa xilliyo kala duwan oo horumarinta tignoolajiyada taayirka. Laakiin, sida aan sheegnay, bilowgii, qaab-dhismeedka molecular ee taayirku wuxuu ahaa qarsoodi dhammaystiran.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhab ahaantii, dib u soo noqoshada 1829, Michael Faraday wuxuu ku tilmaamay dhismaha aasaasiga ah ee caag ah oo leh caanaha kiimikada C5H8, ama si kale loo dhigo, isoprene. Sannadkii 1860 kii, farmashiyihii Williams waxa uu helay dareere isla qaacido la mid ah. Sanadkii 1882-kii, isoprene-ka synthetic ayaa markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay, 1911-kiina, farmashiyeyaasha Francis Matthews iyo Carl Harris waxay si madaxbannaan u ogaadeen in isoprene uu noqon karo polymerized, habka ka dambeeya abuurista guuleysiga ee caag macmal ah. Dhab ahaantii, guusha saynisyahannadu waxay timaaddaa wakhti ay diidaan inay gebi ahaanba nuqul ka sameeyaan caanaha kiimikada ee caag dabiici ah.

Standard Oil iyo IG Farben

Ku soo noqo 1906, khabiiro ka socda shirkada Jarmalka ee Bayer ayaa bilaabay barnaamij awood leh oo loogu talagalay soo saarista caag synthetic ah. Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, yaraanta alaabta ceeriin ee dabiiciga ah, soo saarista taayiro ku saleysan waxa loogu yeero caag methyl, oo ay abuurtay Bayer, ayaa bilaabantay. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka kadib, waa loo joojiyay qiimaha ugu dambeeya ee sarreeya iyo badeecadda dabiiciga ah ee ka jaban ee la heli karo. Si kastaba ha noqotee, 20-yadii, yaraanta caagga dabiiciga ah ayaa mar kale soo ifbaxay, taas oo horseedday bilowgii cilmi-baaris xoog leh oo ka socota USSR, USA iyo Jarmalka.

Dib ugu noqoshada guga 1907, Fritz Hoffmann iyo Dr. Karl Kutel, iyagoo isticmaalaya daamurka dhuxusha, waxay horumariyeen tignoolajiyada lagu helo alaabta bilawga ah ee isoprene, isoprene methyl iyo butadiene gaseous, iyo tallaabada xigta ee horumarinta dhaqdhaqaaqa waxay ahayd polymerization of molecules ee walxahan. Dagaalkii Dunida I ka dib, cilmi-baarayaasha IG Farben, oo hadda ku jira Bayer, waxay diiradda saareen polymerization of butadiene monomer waxayna ku guuleysteen inay abuuraan caag synthetic ah oo loo yaqaan Buna, oo gaaban butadiene iyo sodium. Sannadkii 1929-kii, welwelku waxa uu horeba uga soo saarayay taayirrada Buna S, kaas oo lagu daray soot. Du Pont, ayaa isna sameeyay neoprene, ka dibna loo yaqaan duprene. Sannadihii 30-aadkii, farmashiyeyaasha Standard Oil ee New Jersey, Exxon's ka horreeyay, waxay ku guulaysteen inay horumariyaan hab-raac loogu talagalay isku-darka butadiene iyagoo isticmaalaya saliidda sida badeecada ugu weyn. Isbarbar-dhigga kiiskan ayaa ah in iskaashiga Standard-ka Mareykanka uu la leeyahay Jarmal IG Farben ay u ogolaato shirkadda Mareykanka in ay abuurto habka wax soo saarka caagga synthetic oo la mid ah Buna S oo ay noqoto arrin weyn oo ku saabsan heshiiska la sheegay in lagu xalliyo dhibaatada caagga ah. USA intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Guud ahaan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, afar shirkadood oo waaweyn ayaa gacanta ku haya cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta beddelka taayirada badan ee dalka: Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, Shirkadda BF Goodrich, Goodyear Tire & Shirkadda Rubber, Shirkadda Maraykanka ee Rubber (Uniroyal). Dadaalkooda wadajirka ah inta lagu guda jiro dagaalku waxay ahaayeen lagama maarmaan si ay u abuuraan alaab tayo leh. Sannadkii 1941-kii, iyaga iyo Standard waxay kala saxiixdeen heshiis ay ku kala beddelanayaan shatiyada iyo macluumaadka hoos yimaada awoodda Shirkadda Kaydka Rubber, oo uu aasaasay Roosevelt, waxayna tusaale u noqdeen sida ganacsatada waaweyn iyo gobolka ay ugu midoobi karaan magaca saadka militariga. Thanks to shaqada weyn iyo lacagaha dadweynaha, 51 warshadood oo loogu talagalay soo saarista monomers iyo polymers-ka ay sameeyeen, kuwaas oo lagama maarmaan u ah soo saarista taayirada synthetic, ayaa lagu dhisay waqti aad u gaaban. Tiknoolajiyada loo isticmaalo ujeedadan waxay ku salaysan tahay habka wax soo saarka ee Buna S sababtoo ah waxay si fiican u qasi kartaa caag dabiici ah iyo kuwa synthetic iyo isticmaalka mashiinnada wax soo saarka ee la heli karo.

Midowgii Soofiyeeti, muddadii uu dagaalku socday, 165 beerood oo wadareed ayaa koray laba nooc oo dandelions ah, in kasta oo waxsoosaarku uusan waxtar lahayn oo waxsoosaarkii unug kasta uu hooseeyay, haddana caaggii la soo saaray ay gacan ka geysteen guusha Maanta, dandelionkan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah beddelka suurtagalka ah ee hevea. Badeecadani waxaa lagu kabayaa butadiene synthetic ama waxa loogu yeero soprene, oo uu abuuray Sergei Lebedev, kaas oo khamriga laga helo baradhada loo isticmaalo maadada ceyriin.

(in la raaco)

Qoraal: Georgy Kolev