Taariikhda Hal-abuurka - Nanotechnology

Hadda ka hor 600 BC. dadku waxay soo saarayeen qaab-dhismeedka nanotype, i.e. strands cementite ee birta, loo yaqaan Wootz. Tani waxay ka dhacday Hindiya, tanna waxaa loo tixgelin karaa bilawga taariikhda nanotechnology.

VI-XV c. Midabka loo isticmaalo muddadan rinjiyeynta muraayadaha-glaasku waxay isticmaalaan nanoparticles chloride dahab ah, koloriin biraha kale, iyo sidoo kale biraha oksaydhyada.

Qarniyadii IX-XVII Meelo badan oo Yurub ah, "glitters" iyo walxo kale ayaa la soo saaraa si ay u iftiimiyaan dhoobada iyo alaabta kale. Waxay ka koobnaayeen nanoparticles biraha ah, inta badan lacag ama naxaas.

XIII-XVIII w. "Birta Damascus" ee la soo saaray qarnigan, oo laga sameeyay hubka cad ee caanka ah ee aduunka, wuxuu ka kooban yahay nanotubes kaarboon iyo nanofibers cementite.

1857 Michael Faraday waxa uu daaha ka qaaday dahab koloyid ah oo midab-ruby ah, oo sifo ah nanoparticles dahab ah.

1931 Max Knoll iyo Ernst Ruska waxay dhisaan mikroskoob elektaroonig ah oo ku yaal Berlin, qalabkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu arko qaab-dhismeedka nanoparticles ee heerka atomigga. Markasta oo ay bataan tamarta elektarooniga ah, waxaa sii yaraanaya hirarka dhererkooda waxaana badanaya xallinta mikroskoob. Muunadu waxay ku jirtaa faaruq waxaana inta badan lagu daboolaa filim bir ah. Iftiinka elektarooniga ah wuxuu dhex maraa shayga la tijaabiyay wuxuuna galaa qalabka wax baara. Iyada oo ku saleysan calaamadaha la cabbiray, aaladaha elektiroonigga ah waxay dib u abuuraan sawirka muunadda tijaabada.

1936 Erwin Müller, oo ka shaqeeya Shaybaadhka Siemens, waxa uu hindisay mikroskoob-ka qiiqa hawada, qaabka ugu fudud ee mikroskoob ee elektarooniga ah. Mikroskoobkan waxa uu u isticmaalaa goob koronto oo xoog leh si uu u sii daayo goobta iyo sawirka.

1950 Victor La Mer iyo Robert Dinegar waxay abuuraan aasaaska aragtida farsamada ee helitaanka walxaha kolloidalka ah ee monodisperse. Tani waxay ogolaatay soo saarista noocyada gaarka ah ee waraaqaha, rinjiga iyo filimada khafiifka ah ee miisaanka warshadaha.

1956 Arthur von Hippel oo ka tirsan Machadka Teknolojiyadda Massachusetts (MIT) ayaa curiyay ereyga "injineernimada molecular".

1959 Richard Feynman ayaa muxaadarooyin ku saabsan "Waxaa jira qol badan oo hoose." Isaga oo ka bilaabaya qiyaasidda waxa ay ku qaadanayso in uu ku habboonaado 24-mugga Encyclopædia Britannica, waxa uu soo bandhigay fikradda yaraynta iyo suurtagalnimada isticmaalka tignoolajiyada ka shaqayn kara heerka nanometer-ka. Munaasabadan, wuxuu sameeyay laba abaalmarin (oo loogu magac daray Feynman Prizes) oo ku muteystay guulaha uu ka gaaray goobtan - midkiiba kun dollar.

1960 Abaalmarintii ugu horeysay ayaa niyad jabisay Feynman. Waxa uu u qaatay in horumar tignoolajiyadeed loo baahan yahay si loo gaadho yoolkiisa, laakiin wakhtigaas waxa uu dhayalsaday awoodda microelectronics. Waxaa ku guulaystay 35 jir injineer William H. McLellan. Waxa uu abuuray mato miisaankeedu yahay 250 microgram, oo leh awood 1mW.

1968 Alfred Y. Cho iyo John Arthur waxay horumariyaan habka epitaxy. Waxay u ogolaataa sameynta lakabyo monoatomic dusha ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo tikniyoolajiyadda semiconductor - koritaanka lakabyo cusub oo hal-crystal ah oo ku yaal substrate crystalline jira, nuqul ka samaysan qaab dhismeedka substrate-ka crystalline ee jira. Kala duwanaanshiyaha epitaxy waa epitaxy ee xeryahooda molecular, taas oo suurtogal ka dhigaysa in la dhigo lakabyo crystalline leh dhumucdiisuna tahay hal lakab oo atomic ah. Habkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista dhibcaha quantum iyo waxa loogu yeero lakabyo khafiif ah.

1974 Hordhaca ereyga "nanotechnology". Waxaa markii ugu horreysay isticmaalay cilmi-baadhaha Jaamacadda Tokyo Norio Taniguchi shir cilmiyeed. Qeexida fiisigiska Jabbaan ilaa maanta waa la isticmaalayaa waxayna u egtahay sidan: "Nanotechnology waa wax soo saar la isticmaalayo tignoolajiyada u ogolaanaya in la gaaro saxsanaan aad u sarreeya iyo cabbirro aad u yar, i.e. saxnaanta nidaamka 1 nm.

Aragtida hoos u dhaca tirada

80kii iyo 90kii Muddada horumarinta degdega ah ee tiknoolajiyada lithographic iyo soo saarista lakabyada ultrathin ee crystals. Midka ugu horreeya, MOCVD(), waa hab lagu kaydiyo lakabyada korka alaabta iyadoo la adeegsanayo xeryahooda organometallic gaseous. Tani waa mid ka mid ah hababka epitaxial, sidaas darteed magac kale - MOSFE (). Habka labaad, MBE, wuxuu u oggolaanayaa in la dhigo lakabyo nanometer ah oo dhuuban oo leh qaab kiimiko ah oo si sax ah loo qeexay iyo qaybinta saxda ah ee astaanta feejignaanta wasakhda. Tani waxay suurtogal u tahay xaqiiqda ah in qaybaha lakabka lagu bixiyo substrate by alwaaxyo kelli gooni ah.

1981 Gerd Binnig iyo Heinrich Rohrer ayaa abuuray mikroskoob-ka tunnel-ka ee sawirka. Isticmaalka xoogga isdhexgalka interatomic, waxay kuu ogolaaneysaa inaad hesho sawirka dusha sare oo leh xallinta nidaamka xajmiga hal atom, adoo ka gudbaya daabka korka ama ka hooseeya dusha muunada. Sannadkii 1989kii, aaladda waxa loo isticmaalay in lagu maamulo atomyada gaarka ah. Binnig iyo Rohrer waxa la guddoonsiiyey 1986 Nobel Prize ee Fiisigiska.

1985 Louis Brus oo ka tirsan Bell Labs ayaa daaha ka qaaday semiconductor nanocrystals kolloidal (dhibcaha quantum). Waxa lagu qeexaa dhul yar oo saddex cabbir ku xidhan caqabadaha iman kara marka qayb mawjad dhererkeedu u dhigmayo cabbirka dhibicdu soo gasho.

Daboolka buugga Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology ee uu qoray C. Eric Drexler

1985 Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Harold Walter Kroto, iyo Richard Erret Smalley waxay heleen fullerenes, molecules oo ka samaysan tiro xattaa atamka kaarboon (laga bilaabo 28 ilaa 1500) kuwaas oo sameeya jidh godan oo xidhan. Sifooyinka kiimikaad ee fullerenes ayaa dhinacyo badan la mid ah kuwa karbonada caraf udgoon. Fullerene C60, ama buckminsterfullerene, sida fullerenes kale, waa nooc allotropic ah oo kaarboon ah.

1986-1992 C. Eric Drexler waxa uu daabacay laba buug oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan mustaqbalka kuwaas oo faafiya nanotechnology. Midka ugu horreeya, oo la sii daayay 1986, waxaa loogu yeeraa Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Waxa uu saadaaliyay, iyo waxyaabo kale, in tignoolajiyada mustaqbalka ay awood u yeelan doonaan in ay u maamulaan atamka shakhsi ahaaneed si la xakameeyo. 1992, wuxuu daabacay Nanosystems: Hardware Molecular, Manufacturing, and the Computation Idea, kaas oo isna saadaaliyay in nanomachines ay isa soo saari karaan.

1989 Donald M. Aigler oo ka tirsan IBM wuxuu dhigayaa ereyga "IBM" - oo laga sameeyay 35 atamka xenon - oogada nikkel.

1991 Sumio Iijima ee NEC ee Tsukuba, Japan, ayaa daahfuray kaarboon nanotubes, qaab-dhismeedyada cylindrical-ka bannaan. Ilaa hadda, kaarboon nanotubes ugu caansan ee loo yaqaan, derbiyada kuwaas oo ka samaysan graphene duuban. Waxa kale oo jira nanotubes aan kaarboon ahayn iyo DNA nanotubes. Kaarboon nanotubes-ka ugu dhuuban waxay ku jiraan nidaamka hal nanometer dhexroorka waxayna noqon karaan malaayiin jeer. Waxay leeyihiin quwad jilicsan oo cajiib ah iyo sifooyin koronto oo gaar ah, waana kuleyl aad u fiican. Guryahaan waxay ka dhigaan agab rajo leh oo loogu talagalay codsiyada nanotechnology, elegtarooniga, indhaha, iyo sayniska agabka.

1993 Warren Robinett oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda North Carolina iyo R. Stanley Williams oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda California, Los Angeles waxay dhisayaan nidaam dhab ah oo dhab ah oo ku xidhan mikroskoob tunneling scanning kaas oo u oggolaanaya isticmaaluhu inuu arko oo xitaa taabto atamka.

1998 Kooxda Cees Dekker ee Jaamacadda Delft ee Teknolojiyadda ee Nederlaan waxay dhisayaan transistor-ka isticmaala kaarboon nanotubes. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, saynisyahannadu waxay isku dayayaan inay isticmaalaan sifooyinka gaarka ah ee kaarboon nanotubes si ay u soo saaraan elektaroonigga ka fiican oo degdega ah oo cuna koronto yar. Tani waxaa xaddiday dhowr arrimood, kuwaas oo qaarkood si tartiib tartiib ah looga adkaaday, kuwaas oo 2016 u horseeday cilmi-baarayaasha Jaamacadda Wisconsin-Madison si ay u abuuraan transistor-ka carbon oo leh cabbirro ka wanaagsan kan ugu wanaagsan ee silikoon. Cilmi-baaris ay sameeyeen Michael Arnold iyo Padma Gopalan ayaa horseeday horumarinta kaarboon nanotube transistor ah kaas oo qaadi kara laba jeer inta hadda la tartamayo silikon.

2003 Samsung waxa ay siisay teknooloji horumarsan oo ku salaysan ficilka ions silver microscopic, kaas oo burburiya jeermiska, caaryada iyo in ka badan lix boqol oo nooc oo bakteeriyada ah kana hortagaya faafitaankooda. Qaybaha qalinka ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay nidaamka sifaynta ugu muhiimsan ee shirkadda - dhammaan filtarrada iyo boodhka ururiyaha ama boorsada.

2004 Ururka Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Akadeemiyada Royal Academy of Engineering waxay daabacaan warbixinta "Nanoscience iyo Nanotechnology: Fursadaha iyo Hubanti la'aanta", iyagoo ku baaqaya in cilmi-baaris lagu sameeyo khatarta ka iman karta nanotechnology ee caafimaadka, deegaanka iyo bulshada, iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhinacyada anshaxa iyo sharciga.

Nanomotor model ee giraangiraha fullerene

2006 James Tour, oo ay weheliyaan koox saynisyahano ah oo ka socda Jaamacadda Rice, ayaa dhisaya "van" microscopic oo ka soo jeeda oligo (phenyleneethynylene) molecule, faashashyada kuwaas oo ka samaysan aluminium aluminium ah, taayirradana waxay ka samaysan yihiin C60 fullerenes. Nanovehicle ayaa u dhaqaaqay dusha sare, oo ka kooban atamka dahabka ah, iyada oo ay hoos imanayso korodhka heerkulka, sababtoo ah wareegga buuxa ee "wheels". In ka sarraysa heerkul ka sarreeya 300 ° C, aad buu u dardargeliyay oo farmashiyeyaashu ma sii wadi karaan ...

2007 Nanotechnologists Technion waxay ku habboon yihiin "Axdiga Hore" ee Yuhuudda oo dhan meel ka mid ah 0,5 mm² wafer silikoon ah oo dahab ah. Qoraalka waxa lagu xardhay iyada oo toosinaysa qulqulka ion gallium ee saxanka.

2009-2010 Nadrian Seaman iyo asxaabtiisa Jaamacadda New York waxay abuurayaan taxane DNA-u eg nanomounts kuwaas oo qaab-dhismeedka DNA-da ee la isku daray lagu qorsheyn karo inay "soo saaraan" qaabab kale oo leh qaabab iyo hanti la doonayo.

2013 Saynis yahanada IBM ayaa abuuraya filim animated ah oo la daawado kaliya ka dib marka la weyneeyo 100 milyan jeer. Waxaa loo yaqaan "The Boy and His Atom" waxaana lagu sawiraa dhibco diatomic ah oo cabbirkiisu yahay hal bilyan oo mitir, kuwaas oo ah hal unugyo kaarboon monoxide ah. Sawir gacmeedka ayaa muujinaya wiil marka hore ku ciyaaraya kubad ka dibna ku boodaya tarampoline Mid ka mid ah molecules sidoo kale wuxuu ciyaaraa doorka kubbadda. Dhammaan ficilku waxay ku dhacaan dusha naxaasta, iyo cabbirka qaab-dhismeedka filim kasta kama badna dhowr tobanaan nanometers.

2014 Saynis yahano ka socda Jaamacadda Tignoolajiyada ETH ee Zurich ayaa ku guulaystay in ay abuuraan xuub dalool ka yar dhumucdiisuna tahay hal nanometer. Dhumucdiisuna waxay ka mid tahay walxaha lagu helay iyada oo loo marayo farsamaynta nanotechnology waa 100 XNUMX. jeer ka yar timaha bini'aadamka. Sida laga soo xigtay xubnaha kooxda qorayaasha, tani waa shayga ugu khafiifsan ee la heli karo oo guud ahaan suurtagal ah. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba lakab oo qaab-dhismeedka garaafka laba-geesoodka ah. Xuubku waa daloola, laakiin kaliya qaybo yaryar, hoos u dhigaya ama si buuxda u xannibaya qaybo waaweyn.

2015 Bamka molecular ayaa la abuurayaa, qalab nanoscale ah kaas oo tamarta ka wareejinaya hal unug una wareejinaya mid kale, isaga oo ku dayanaya hababka dabiiciga ah. Nashqadan waxaa naqshadeeyay cilmi-baarayaal jooga Weinberg Northwestern College of Arts and Sciences. Habkani wuxuu xasuusinayaa hababka noolaha ee borotiinnada. Waxa la filayaa in tignoolajiyada noocan oo kale ahi ay badi ahaan ka heli doonaan dhinacyada bayotechnoolajiyada iyo dawooyinka, tusaale ahaan, murqaha macmalka ah.

2016 Sida laga soo xigtay daabacaadda joornaalka sayniska ee Nature Nanotechnology, cilmi-baarayaasha Jaamacadda Farsamada ee Delft ee Nederland waxay sameeyeen warbaahinta kaydinta hal atom-ka ah. Habka cusub waa inuu bixiyaa in ka badan shan boqol oo jeer cufnaanta kaydinta ka badan tignoolajiyada hadda la isticmaalo. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in xitaa natiijooyin ka wanaagsan lagu gaari karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaabka saddex-geesoodka ah ee meesha ay ku yaalaan qaybo meel bannaan ah.

Kala soocida nanotechnologies iyo nanomaterials

1. Qaab dhismeedka nanotechnology waxaa ka mid ah:

• ceelasha quantum, fiilooyin iyo dhibco, i.e. qaabab kala duwan oo isku daraa sifada soo socota - xaddidaadda bannaan ee qaybo ka mid ah aag gaar ah iyada oo loo marayo caqabadaha iman kara;
• balaastikada, qaab dhismeedka kaas oo lagu xakameynayo heerka molecules shakhsi ahaaneed, taas oo ay ugu mahadcelinayaan taas oo suurtogal ah, tusaale ahaan, si loo helo qalab leh qalab farsamo oo aan horay loo arag;
• fiilooyinka macmalka ah - maaddooyinka leh qaab-dhismeed molecular oo aad u sax ah, oo sidoo kale lagu kala saaro sifooyin farsamo oo aan caadi ahayn;
• nanotubes, qaab-dhismeedka supramolecular ee qaabka dhululubada godan. Ilaa hadda, kaarboon nanotubes ugu caansan ee loo yaqaan, derbiyada kuwaas oo ka samaysan graphene laalaaban (lakabyada graphite monatomic). Waxa kale oo jira nanotubes aan kaarboon ahayn (tusaale, tungsten sulfide) iyo DNA;
• alaabta la jajabiyey ee qaabka boodhka, miraha kuwaas oo ah, tusaale ahaan, ururinta atamka birta. Silver () oo leh sifooyin bakteeriyada bakteeriyada xooggan ayaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa qaabkan;
• nanowires (tusaale ahaan, qalin ama naxaas);
• curiyayaasha la sameeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo lithography elektarooniga ah iyo hababka kale ee nanolithography;
• fullerenes;
• graphene iyo walxaha kale ee laba-geesoodka ah (borophene, graphene, boron nitride hexagonal, silicene, germanene, molybdenum sulfide);
• walxaha isku dhafan ee lagu xoojiyay nanoparticles.

Oogada Nanolithographic

2. Kala soocida nanotechnologies ee nidaamyada sayniska, oo lagu sameeyay 2004 Ururka Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha iyo Horumarinta (OECD):

• nanomaterials (wax soo saarka iyo hantida);
• nanoprocesses (codsiyada nanoscale - biomaterials waxay ka tirsan yihiin cilmiga bayoolajiga warshadaha).

3. Nanomaterials waa dhammaan agabka ay ku jiraan qaab-dhismeedyo joogto ah oo heer molecular ah, i.e. aan ka badnayn 100 nanometer.

Xadidan waxa laga yaabaa inay tixraacdo cabbirka xayndaabyada sida unugga aasaasiga ah ee qaab-dhismeed yar, ama dhumucda lakabyada la helay ama lagu shubay substrate-ka. Ficil ahaan, xadka hoose ee loo aaneynayo nanomaterials waa ka duwan yahay alaabta leh sifooyinka waxqabadka kala duwan - waxay inta badan la xiriirtaa muuqaalka guryaha gaarka ah marka la dhaafo. Iyada oo la dhimayo cabbirka qaababka la dalbaday ee alaabta, waxaa suurtagal ah in si weyn loo hagaajiyo physicochemical, farsamada, iyo sifooyinka kale.

Nanomaterials waxa loo qaybin karaa afartan kooxood ee soo socda:

• eber-cabbir (dhibcaha nanomaterials) - tusaale ahaan, dhibcaha quantum, nanoparticles lacag ah;
• hal-cabbir ah - tusaale ahaan, biraha ama semiconductor nanowires, nanorods, nanofibers polymeric;
• laba-geesood - tusaale ahaan, lakabyada nanometer ee hal-waji ama nooc badan, graphene iyo qalabyo kale oo leh dhumucdiisuna tahay hal atamka;
• saddex geesood (ama nanocrystalline) - waxay ka kooban tahay xayndaabyada crystalline iyo ururinta wejiyada leh cabbirrada nidaamka nanometer-ka ama isku-dhafka lagu xoojiyay nanoparticles.