Haamaha. Boqolkii sano ee ugu horreeyay, qaybta 1
Haamaha. Boqolkii sano ee ugu horreeyay, qaybta 1
Sida saxda ah 100 sano ka hor, Sebtembar 15, 1916, beerta Picardy ee ku taal webiga Somme ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Faransiiska, dhowr iyo toban taangi oo British ah ayaa markii ugu horreysay dagaalka galay. Tan iyo markaas, taangiga ayaa si habaysan u horumaray, ilaa maantadanna waxa uu kaalin aad u muhiim ah ka qaataa goobta dagaalka.
Sababta muuqaalka taangiyada waxay ahayd lama huraan ka dhalatay isku dhacyo dhiig badani ku daatay oo ka dhacay godadka wasakhaysan ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, markii askarta labada dhinac ay daadiyeen bad dhiig ah, oo aan awoodin inay ka baxaan xaalad taagan.
Dagaaladii dhufeysyadu waxay awoodi waayeen in ay ka gudbaan hababka dagaalka ee soo jireenka ah, sida baabuurta gaashaaman, kuwaas oo aan ka gudbi karin xayndaabyada siligyada iyo jeexjeexyada. Mashiin tan samayn kara ayaa soo jiitay dareenka Rabbigii ugu horreeyay ee Admiralty, Winston S. Churchill, inkasta oo aysan hubaal ahayn shaqadiisa. Naqshadaynta ugu horreysa ee la tixgeliyey waxay ahayd baabuur saaran taayir "lugo leh," taas oo ah, taageerooyinka la dhaqaajin karo ee lagu rakibay wareegga wareegga taayirrada ee la qabsanaysa dhulka. Fikradda taayirrada noocan oo kale ah waxaa iska leh Brahma J. Diplock, oo ah injineer Ingiriis ah oo soo saaray cagaf-cagafyo leh taayirradaas oo kale shirkaddiisa, Shirkadda Gaadiidka Pedrail ee Fulham, oo ku taal duleedka London. Dabcan, tani waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah "dhamaadka dhintay" oo badan; taayirrada leh "cagaha tareenka" ma sameeyeen meel ka baxsan waddada marka loo eego taayirada caadiga ah.
Chassis-ka loo yaqaan 'track chassis' ayaa markii ugu horreysay si guul leh u soo saaray wax soo saarka Maine Blacksmith Alvin Orlando Lombard (1853-1937) cagafyada beeraha ee uu dhisay. Waxa uu ku rakibay dariiqo kala duwan oo uu ku rakibay dariiqa hore ee gaadhiga, halka uu ka saari lahaa dabada hore ee gaadhiga. Intii uu noolaa oo dhan, waxa uu soo saaray 83 cagaf-cagafyada noocaan ah, iyaga oo geeyey 1901-1917. Waxa uu u shaqeeyay sidii dubbe sababtoo ah been-abuurnimadiisa gaarka ah, Waterville Iron Works ee Waterville, Maine, waxa uu soo saaray in ka badan shan baabuur sannadkii lix iyo tobankaas sano. Later, ilaa 1934, wuxuu "soo saaray" naaftada cagafyada raadraaca isla xawaaraha.
Horumarka dheeraadka ah ee baabuurta la daba-galay ayaa sii waday in lala xiriiriyo Maraykanka iyo laba injineer oo naqshadeeye ah. Mid ka mid ah waa Benjamin Leroy Holt (1849-1920). Magaalada Stockton, California, waxaa jirtay warshad yar oo taayirrada baabuurta ah oo ay leedahay Holts, Shirkadda Wheel Wheel, oo billowday soo saarista cagafyada beeraha uumiga dabayaaqadii 1904-tii. Bishii Noofambar 1908, shirkaddu waxay soo bandhigtay cagaf-cagafkeedii ugu horreeyay ee naaftada, oo uu naqshadeeyay Benjamin L. Holt. Baabuurtan ayaa lahaa dariiqa hore ee torsion-ka kaas oo markii hore loo isticmaali jiray taayirrada lagu beddelayo taayirrada, markaa waxay ahaayeen badh-tradyo la mid ah kuwa dambe ee badh-tracks. Kaliya XNUMX ayaa shatiga laga soo iibsaday shirkadda Britishka ah ee Richard Hornsby & Sons, marka loo eego taas oo culeyska gaariga oo dhan uu ku dhacay chassis-ka. Mar haddii arrintii lagu maareeyey faraqa u dhexeeya dariiqyada bidix iyo midig aan weligii la xallin, arrimaha leexinta waxaa lagu xalliyey adeegsiga dabada dambe ee taayirrada isteerinka leh, taas oo leexashadeedu ku qasabtay in baabuurka uu beddelo jihada. .
Wax yar ka dib wax soo saarku si xawli ah ayuu u socday. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii 10aad ee aduunka, Shirkada wax soo saarka ee Holt waxa ay siisay in ka badan 000 cagaf gurguurta oo ay iibsadeen ciidamada Ingiriiska, Maraykanka iyo Faransiiska. Shirkadda, oo magaceeda loo beddelay Holt Caterpillar Company sannadkii 1910, waxay noqotay shirkad weyn oo saddex dhir ah ku leh Maraykanka. Waxaa xiiso leh in magaca Ingiriisiga ee diirka uu yahay "track" - taas oo ah, waddo, waddo; Diirka waa nooc ka mid ah waddo aan dhammaad lahayn, oo si joogto ah ugu wareegaysa taayirrada gaadhiga. Laakiin sawirqaade shirkadda Charles Clements ayaa ogaaday in cagafta Holt ay u gurguuranayso sida diirka - dirxiga balanbaalista caadiga ah. Taasi waa, "caterpillar" ee Ingiriisiga. Taasi waa sababta magaca shirkadda loo beddelay oo waxaa calaamadda ganacsiga ka soo muuqday diir, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan dirxiga.
