Tijaabi waditaanka raadinta riyada: laga bilaabo Wankel ilaa matoorka HCCI
Sida mishiinka wareega uu uga caawiyay sumadda Jabbaan Mazda inay noqoto sida ay maanta tahay
60 sano ka dib markii la abuuray prototype shaqo ee ugu horeysay ee mashiinka Wankel, 50 sano ka dib markii la bilaabay by Mazda iyo ku dhawaaqista rasmiga ah ee shirkadda in ay abuurtay matoor HCCI functional, tani waa munaasabad lagu soo celinayo taariikhda this gaar ah. mishiinka kulaylka.
Mazda mar dambe ma qarinayso xaqiiqda ah in horumarinta mishiinka ka shaqeeya hawlo kala duwan oo kala duwan oo ah hababka HCCI - ama isku-dhafka iyo isku-dhafka isku-dhafka ah, ayaa lagu guuleystay, oo wuxuu ku talajiraa inuu bilaabo wax soo saarka taxane ah ee mishiinka noocan oo kale ah laga bilaabo 2019. La yaab ma leh Mazda inay had iyo jeer la yaabto bulshada baabuurta. Xitaa aragtida cursory ee taariikhda taariikheed ee astaanta ayaa ku filan in la helo ilaha hadalkan. Ilaa dhawaan, shirkadda Japan waxay ahayd kali iyo xamaasad xanbaarsan fikradda Wankel iyo soo saaraha ugu horreeya ee baabuurta leh mishiinnada ku shaqeeya wareegga Miller (Mazda Xedos 9 laga bilaabo 1993 ilaa 2003, ka dibna Demio, oo loo yaqaan Yurub Mazda 2).
Waxaa mudan in halkan lagu xuso Comprex wave-compression engine naaftada, cascaded, twin-jet iyo geometry variable ee matoorka shidaalka (noocyo kala duwan oo Mazda RX-7 ah), nidaamyada isteerinka xaga danbe ee firfircoon 626 laga soo bilaabo 80-meeyadii. sanado, nidaamka bilowga-joojinta gaarka ah ee i-Stop, kaas oo bilawga lagu taageerayo habka gubashada, iyo nidaamka soo kabashada tamarta iyadoo la adeegsanayo i-Eloop capacitors. Ugu dambeyntii, ogow xaqiiqda ah in ay tahay soo saaraha kaliya ee Japan ee ku guuleystay 24 Saacadood ee Le Mans - oo leh baabuur ku shaqeeya Wankel, dabcan! Xagga habaynta, moodooyinka ay ka midka yihiin Luce, Wankel Cosmo Sport-ga caanka ah, RX-7 iyo RX-8, MX-5 Roadster iyo Mazda 6 waxay ka hadlayaan mug gaar ah ee astaanta aaggan. Laakiin taasi maahan - sannadihii la soo dhaafay, matoorada Skyactiv waxay muujiyeen ma aha oo kaliya in mishiinka gubashada weli uu leeyahay waddo dheer, laakiin in Mazda ay muujin karto habkeeda.
Wax badan ayaan ka sheegi doonaa waxyaabaha ku saabsan horumarka injineerada shirkadda booqashadeenna soo socota ka dib casuumaadda Mazda ee Japan dhammaadka Oktoobar. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sababaha maqaalkani maahan kuwa kaliya ee laga heli karo cinwaanka kore. Sababtoo ah si loo fahmo sababaha ay abuurayaasha Mazda u awoodeen inay abuuraan mashiinkooda HCCI, waxaa suuragal ah inaan dib ugu laabanno taariikhda shirkadda.
Mashiinka Rotary oo saldhig u ah Skyactiv-X
Weydii ultramarathoner oo dhammeeyey dariiq 160 kiiloomitir ah haddii ay jiri doonaan wax dhibaato ah dhammaystirka maaratoonka caadiga ah ee 42-km. Hagaag, waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan ku ordi karin laba saacadood, laakiin hubaal wuu sii wadi karaa ugu yaraan 42 saacadood oo kale isagoo ku socda xawaare wanaagsan. Maskaxdan, haddii shirkaddaada ay xarunteedu tahay Hiroshima, haddii muddo tobanaan sano ah aad la halgamaysay dhibaatooyinka rotary engine rotary piston oo aad xallisay boqolaal dhibaatooyin ah oo leh saliid ama qiiqa, saamaynta mowjadaha iyo turbocharging, ama gaar ahaan hababka gubashada qolka sickle oo leh isbeddel isbeddelaya mugga ku salaysan Wankel, waxaad yeelan kartaa saldhig aad u xasilloon oo lagu dhisayo mishiinka HCCI. Bilawga rasmiga ah ee mashruuca Skyactiv waxa la siiyay toban sano ka hor, sanadkii 2007 ( isla sanadkaas oo ay Mercedes soo bandhigtay nooca mishiinka casriga ah ee HCCI Diesotto), wakhtigaas oo ay ku shaqaynaysay Wankel-ku Mazda RX-8 ayaa wali ku jirta wax soo saarka. Sidaad ogtahay, injineerada shirkadda Japan waxay tijaabinayaan hababka hawlgalka ee HCCI si sax ah marka ay soo saarayaan noocyada matoorada Skyactiv-R. Malaha, mashruuca HCCI, oo loo yaqaan Mazda SPCCI (Spark Plug Conrolled Compression Ignition) ama Skyactiv-X, waxay ku lug lahaayeen injineerada labada qaybood ee wareegga iyo qaybta shidaalka iyo naaftada, sababtoo ah xitaa horumarinta habka gubashada ee Skyactiv-D waxay aqoonsan karaan far-qorista dadka ku lug leh horumarinta habka HCCI. Ilaah waa ogyahay markii horumarinta matoorada Skyactiav ay isu rogeen kicin isku mid ah iyo matoorka is-shidda - Injineerada Mazda ayaa muddo dheer la ogaa inay ku lug leeyihiin mowduucan - laakiin waxay u badan tahay inay dhacday markii mashiinka Wankel uu weli noolaa.
Tobaneeyo sano ee baabuurta Rotary ee wax soo saarka, intooda badan oo dhan kaligood, laga yaabaa in aanay keeni Mazda soo laabasho dhaqaale oo halis ah, laakiin waxa ay sidoo kale keeni doontaa aqoonsiga ruuxa aan leexleexan, xal u helidda dhammaan noocyada dhibaatooyinka, dulqaadashada cajiib ah iyo, natiijada, raasamaal ee waayo-aragnimo ballaadhan oo aad u qiimo badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida uu qabo Kiyoshi Fujiwara, oo mas'uul ka ah qorsheynta alaabta ee Mazda, mid kasta oo ka mid ah naqshadeeyayaasha ku lug leh mashruuca Skyactiv wuxuu wataa ruuxa mashiinka Wankel, laakiin wuxuu u beddelaa fursad uu ku hagaajiyo mishiinka caadiga ah. Ama HCCI aan dhaqameed ahayn. “Laakiin xamaasadu waa isku mid. Waa iyada ta Skyactiv ka dhigaysa mid dhab ah. Tacaburtan dhabta ah waxay noqotay farxaddii ugu waynayd ee noloshayda. Waa run in shirkad kastaa ay samayso baabuur ay ku iibiso oo ay lacag ku samayso, ayay tidhi Seita Kanai, Madaxa Horumarinta ee Mazda, “laakin aniga igu kalsoonow, anaga Mazda, xaqiiqda ah in baabuurta aan dhisno ay muhiim tahay. Waxay ka soo jeedaan qalbiyadeenna, mar walbana dhismahoodu wuxuu noo noqdaa tacab jacayl. Awooda ugu weyn ee ka danbeysa habkan waa dareenkeena. Ahaanshaha kan ugu fiican waa jacaylka injineernimada. "
Nin riyadiisii
Waxaa laga yaabaa in 60-meeyadii, injineerada baabuurkii ugu horreeyay ee Mazda ee dhawaan la sii daayay waxay heleen "novel injineernimo oo iyaga u gaar ah" mashiinka Wankel. Sababtoo ah mishiinka wareega wuxuu ka dhashay riyadii wiil Jarmal ah oo 17 jir ah 1919 magaciisana waa Felix Wankel. Waagaas, waxa uu ku dhashay 1902 gobolka Lahr ee Jarmalka (halkaas oo ay ku dhasheen Otto, Daimler iyo Benz), waxa uu u sheegay asxaabtiisa in gaadhiga riyadiisa uu leeyahay mishiin ka mid ah marawaxadaha badhkiis, bastoon badhkiis. Waqtigaas, weli ma uusan lahayn aqoon aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan dib-u-celinta matoorada gubashada gudaha, laakiin si caqli-gal ah ayaa loo aaminsan yahay in mishiinkiisu uu qaban karo afar wareeg oo shaqo ah - qaadashada, cadaadis, ficil iyo qiiqa marka pistonku wareego. Waa dareenkan taas oo u horseedi doonta isaga muddo dheer si uu u abuuro mishiin wareeg ah oo shaqeynaya, kaas oo naqshadeeyayaasha kale ay ku guuldareysteen inay isku dayaan marar badan tan iyo qarnigii 16aad.
Wankel aabbihii wuxuu dhintay dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ka dib ninka dhalinyarada ah wuxuu iibiyay shaqooyin daabacan, wuxuuna akhriyay suugaan fara badan. In 1924, da'da 22, wuxuu aasaasay shaybaar yar oo loogu talagalay horumarinta engine wareeg ah, iyo in 1927 uu sameeyay sawiradii ugu horeeyay ee "Die Drehkolbenmaschine" (mashiinka piston Rotary). Sannadkii 1939-kii, wasaaradda duulista ee xariifnimada lahayd waxay heshay hadhuudh macquul ah oo ku jira mishiinnada wareegta ah waxayna u leexatay Hitler, kaas oo si shakhsi ah u amray in la sii daayo Wankel, kaas oo markaa xabsiga ku jiray amar ka yimid Gauleiter degaanka, iyo inuu qalabeeyo shaybaar tijaabo ah oo ku yaal harada. Constance Halkaa waxa uu u qaabeeyay prototypes BMW, Lillethal, DVL, Junkers iyo Daimler-Benz. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, matooradii ugu horeysay ee Wankel ayaa aad u daahday si uu u caawiyo badbaadada Reich Saddexaad. Ka dib isdhiibiddii Jarmalka, Faransiisku waxay xireen Wankel - wax la mid ah waxay hore u sameeyeen Ferdinand Porsche. Sannad ka dib, Felix waa la sii daayay oo, la'aanta shaqo wax soo saar badan, wuxuu bilaabay inuu qoro buug ku saabsan mishiinnada piston rotary. Ka dib wuxuu aasaasay Machadka Farsamada ee Cilmi-baarista Injineerinka wuxuuna sii waday inuu sameeyo matoorada rotary iyo kombaresarada loo isticmaalo warshadaha. Sannadkii 1951-kii, naqshadeeye hammi ah ayaa ku guuleystay inuu ku qanciyo madaxa waaxda mootooyinka isboortiga ee NSU Walter Frede, inuu la shaqeeyo. Wankel iyo NSU waxay xooga saareen dadaalkooda mishiin wareeg ah oo leh qol tufaax qaabaysan (trochoid) iyo bistoon saddex xagal ah oo gidaar leh. Sannadkii 1957-kii, nooca ugu horreeya ee mashiinka ayaa la dhisay magaca DKN. Tani waa taariikhda dhalashada matoorka Wankel.
60-meeyadii: mustaqbalka rajada leh ee matoorka wareegaya
DKM waxay muujinaysaa in matoorka wareegtadu aanu ahayn riyo kaliya. Matoorka dhabta ah ee Wankel ee qaabka jirka ee go'an ee aan ognahay waa KKM soo socda. NSU iyo Wankel waxay si wada jir ah u fuliyeen fikrado hore oo la xidhiidha xidhidhiyaha piston, meelaynta dhinbiilka, buuxinta daloolka, qashinka qiiqa, saliidaynta, hababka gubashada, agabka iyo daldaloolada wax soo saarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibaatooyin badan ayaa weli ah ...
Tani kama horjoogsanayso NSU inay si rasmi ah ugu dhawaaqdo abuurista mishiinka mustaqbalka 1959. In ka badan shirkadaha 100 waxay bixiyaan iskaashi farsamo, oo ay ku jiraan Mercedes, Rolls-Royce, GM, Alfa Romeo, Porsche, Citroen, MAN iyo tiro ka mid ah shirkadaha injineernimada farsamada iibsada shatiyada. Waxaa ka mid ah Mazda, oo madaxwaynihiisu Tsunei Matsuda u arko awood weyn oo ku jirta mishiinka. Marka laga soo tago la tashiyada is daba jooga ee injineerada NSU, Mazda waxa ay samaynaysaa Waaxdeeda Horumarinta Injineerada Wankel, oo ay markii hore ku jireen 47 injineero.
New York Herald Tribune ayaa ku dhawaaqday in injiinka Wankel uu yahay hindise kacaan. Waqtigaas, saamiyada NSU ayaa si dhab ah u qarxay - haddii 1957 ay ku ganacsanayeen 124 calaamad Jarmal ah, ka dibna 1960 waxay gaareen cosmic 3000! Sannadkii 1960kii, baabuurkii ugu horreeyay ee Wankel ku shaqeeya, NSU Prinz III, ayaa la soo bandhigay. Waxaa ku xigtay Sebtembar 1963 NSU Wankel Spider oo leh hal qol oo 500 cc engine ah, kaas oo ku guuleystay horyaalnimada Jarmalka laba sano ka dib. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dareenka 3 Frankfurt Motor Show wuxuu ahaa NSU Ro 1968 cusub. Sedan xarrago leh, oo uu naqshadeeyay Klaus Lüthe, waa avant-garde si kasta, iyo qaababkeeda aerodynamic (cutubka socodka 80 laftiisa ayaa ka dhigaya gaariga mid gaar ah. Waqtigeeda) waxaa suurtageliyay matoor yar oo mataano-rotor ah oo KKM 0,35 ah. Gudbintu waxay leedahay xajin biyo ah, afar biriig ah, qaybta horena waxay ku taallaa dhinaca gudbinta. Ro 612 wuxuu ahaa mid aad u cajiib ah waqtigiisa oo uu ku guuleystay Baabuurka sanadka 80. Sannadkii xigay, Felix Wankel waxa uu PhD ka qaatay Jaamacadda Farsamada ee Munich, waxana uu helay billadda dahabka ee Xiriirka Injineerrada Jarmalka, abaalmarinta ugu qiimaha badan ee guulaha sayniska iyo farsamada ee Jarmalka.
(in la raaco)
Qoraal: Georgy Kolev
