Noocyada shidaalka dareeraha ah
Shidaalka dareeraha ah waxaa badanaa laga helaa sifaynta saliidda cayriin ama (ilaa xad ka yar) dhuxusha adag iyo lignite. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kaxeeyo matoorada gubashada gudaha iyo, ilaa xad, si loo bilaabo kuleyliyaha uumiga, ujeedooyinka kuleylinta iyo farsamada.
Shidaalka dareeraha ah ee ugu muhiimsan waa: shidaalka, naaftada, saliidda shidaalka, kerosene, shidaalka synthetic.
Gaas
Isku dhafka hydrocarbons dareere ah, mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee shidaalka loo isticmaalo matoorada baabuurta, diyaaradaha iyo qaar ka mid ah qalabka kale. Sidoo kale loo isticmaalo sida dareere. Marka laga eego dhinaca kiimikaad, qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee shidaalku waa hydrocarbons aliphatic oo leh tirada atomyada kaarboon ee 5 ilaa 12. Waxa kale oo jira raadadka hydrocarbons aan saturated iyo caraf udgoon.
Shidaalku waxa uu tamarta siiya mishiinka gubashada, taas oo ah, ogsajiinta ka imanaysa jawiga. Maadaama ay ku gubato wareegyo aad u gaaban, habkani waa inuu ahaadaa mid degdeg ah oo isku mid ah intii suurtogal ah inta lagu jiro dhammaan mugga dhululubada mishiinka. Tan waxaa lagu gaaraa in lagu qaso gaaska iyo hawo ka hor intaysan galin dhululubada, abuurista waxa loogu yeero shidaalka-hawada isku dhafka ah, ie. hakinta (ceeryada) dhibco yar oo shidaal ah oo hawada ku jira. Shidaalka waxaa lagu soo saaraa miirista saliidda ceyriinka ah. Halabuurkeedu wuxuu ku xiran yahay halabuurka bilowga ah ee saliidda iyo xaaladaha hagaajinta. Si loo hagaajiyo sifooyinka shidaalka sida shidaalka, xaddi yar (in ka yar 1%) ee xeryahooda kiimikada ee la doortay ayaa lagu daraa matoorada, oo loo yaqaan wakiilada antiknock (ka hortagga qarxinta, taas oo ah, gubasho aan la xakameynin iyo si siman).
Mashiinka dilaaca
Shidaalka waxaa loogu talagalay matoorada naaftada ah ee shidda. Waa isku dhafka paraffin, naphthenic iyo hydrocarbons caraf udgoon oo laga sii daayo saliidda cayriin inta lagu jiro habka nadiifinta. Naaftada naaftada ah waxay leeyihiin barta karkarinta oo aad uga sareysa (180-350°C) marka loo eego kuwa shidaalka qaada. Maadaama ay ka kooban yihiin baaruud badan, waxay noqotaa lagama maarmaan in laga saaro daaweynta hydrogen (hydrotreating).
Saliidaha naaftada ayaa sidoo kale ah alaab laga helo jajabyada soo haray ka dib marka la nadiifiyo, laakiin tan waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la sameeyo hababka kala-goynta catalytic (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking). Halabuurka iyo saamiga wadaagga ah ee hydrocarbons ee ku jira saliidda naaftada ayaa kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran nooca saliidda la warshadeynayo iyo hababka tignoolajiyada ee loo isticmaalo wax soo saarkooda.
Sababtoo ah habka dabaysha ee isku dhafka saliidda-hawo ee matoorada - aan dhalaal lahayn, laakiin heerkulka (is-shirka) - ma jiraan wax dhibaato ah oo gubasho ah. Sidaa darteed, wax macno ah ma samaynayso in la muujiyo lambarka octane ee saliidda. Halbeegga ugu muhiimsan ee shidaalkan ayaa ah awoodda ay si degdeg ah isu shidi karto heerkulka sare, kaas oo cabbirkiisu yahay lambarka cetane.
Saliidda shidaalka, saliidda shidaalka
Dareeraha saliidda leh ee soo hadhay ka dib marka la nadiifiyo saliidda heerka hoose ee xaaladaha jawiga heerkulka 250-350 ° C. Waxay ka kooban tahay hydrocarbons culeyska kellikulaha sare. Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay qiimaha jaban, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii shidaal loogu talagalay matoorada dib-u-celinta xawaaraha-hoose ee badda, kuleyliyaha uumiga badda iyo bilawga kuleyliyaha uumiga, shidaalka kuleyliyaha uumiga ee qaar ka mid ah gawaarida uumiga, shidaalka foornooyinka warshadaha (tusaale ahaan, wax soo saarka gypsum). ), kaydka quudinta nadiifinta faakuumka, soo saarista saliidaha dareeraha ah (saliida saliidda) iyo saliidaha adkaha ah (tusaale, vaseline), iyo sidii quudin dildilaac ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista saliidda shidaalka iyo shidaalka.
Saliid
Qaybka dareeraha ah ee saliidda cayriin, karkarinaysa inta u dhaxaysa 170-250°C, waxay leedahay cufnaanta 0,78-0,81 g/cm³. Dareere huruud ah oo ololaya oo leh ur lagu garto, kaas oo ah isku dhafka hydrocarbons, molecules kuwaas oo ka kooban 12-15 atamka kaarboon. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa labadaba (magaca "kerosene" ama "kerosene aviation") sida dareere ahaan iyo ujeedooyinka qurxinta.
Shidaal dabiici ah
Shidaal kiimiko ah oo la farsameeyey oo noqon kara beddelka shidaalka ama shidaalka naaftada. Iyadoo ku xiran alaabta ceeriin ee la isticmaalo, tignoolajiyada soo socda ayaa la kala saaraa:
- (GTL) - shidaalka gaaska dabiiciga ah;
- (CTL) - laga bilaabo kaarboon;
- (BTL) - ka biomass.
Ilaa hadda, labada tignoolajiyada ee ugu horreeya waa kuwa ugu horumarsan. Shidaalka synthetic ee dhuxusha ku salaysan ayaa la isticmaali jiray dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, waxaana hadda si weyn looga isticmaalaa Koonfur Afrika. Wax soo saarka shidaalka synthetic ee ku salaysan bayoolajiga ayaa weli ku jira marxalad tijaabo ah, laakiin waxay heli kartaa caan ka badan sababtoo ah horumarinta xalalka u wanaagsan deegaanka (biofuels ayaa horay u sii socda dagaalka ka dhanka ah kulaylka caalamiga ah). Nooca ugu muhiimsan ee isku-dhafka loo isticmaalo soo saarista shidaalka synthetic waa Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
